Non-democratic politics : authoritarianism, dictatorship, and democratization / Xavier Marquez

1. Introduction: Democracy, Non-democracy, and the Varieties of Political Competition --
The Importance of Electoral Competition --
Political Regimes and State Capacity --
The Dimensions of Non-Democratic Politics --
Social Control and Personal Power in Non-Democratic Regimes --
Authoritarian Institutions --
Problems and Outcomes of Non-Democratic Rule --
Regime Change, Revolution, and Democratization --
Conclusion --
2. The Changing Face of Non-Democratic Rule --
Will the Real Democracies Please Stand Up? --
Democracy, Dictatorship, and the Legitimation of Political Authority --
A Very Short History of Republican Institutions --
Waves of Democracy and Non-Democracy --
Conclusion --
3. The Struggle over Social Control: Totalitarian and Authoritarian Rule --
Totalitarianism --
Authoritarianism --
Competitive Authoritarianism --
Origins of Competitive Authoritarianism --
Conclusion --
4. Personal Rule --
Personal Rule vs. Institutionally Constrained Rule --
The Personalization of Power --
Power-Sharing and Leader Exit in Non-democracies --
Personal Power and the Structure of the Ruling Elite --
Personal Dictatorships and Patrimonial Regimes --
The Personnel Management Techniques of the Personal Ruler --
Dependence --
Complicity --
Division --
Conclusion --
5. Parties --
The Diversity of Parties and Party Rule --
Parties as Devices for Elite Cohesion --
Screening --
Career Ladders --
The Management of Disloyalty --
Varieties of Electoral Experience --
Elections as Signals of Invincibility --
Elections as Loyalty Management --
Elections as Information Gathering Mechanisms --
Elections as Rituals of Power --
Elections as International Mimicry --
Conclusion --
6. Armies --
The Coup --
Determinants of Military Intervention --
Authoritarian Consolidation after Coups --
The Fragility of Military Rule --
Conclusion --
7. Dynastic Families --
The Decline of Monarchy --
Lynchpin vs. Dynastic Monarchies --
Dynastic Monarchies as Family Firms --
Succession Rules --
The Importance of Elite Cohesion --
Conclusion --
8. Problems of Non-Democratic Consolidation and Control --
The People's Lies --
The Totalitarian's Dilemma --
Surveilling the People --
Surveilling the State --
The Regime's Lies --
Regime Lies under Competitive Authoritarianism --
Regime Lies under Totalitarianism --
The Censor's Dilemma --
Fear, Love, and Rituals of Power --
Ritual and Resistance --
Ritual and Emotion --
Cults of Personality and the Politics of "As If" Support --
Flattery Inflation --
Conclusion --
9. Benevolent Authoritarianism --
Democracy, Authoritarianism, and Economic Development --
Regimes, Incentives, and Information --
Non-Democratic Growth: The Evidence --
Successful Authoritarian Regimes --
Corruption in Democracies and Non-Democracies --
Other Public Goods in Democracies and Non-Democracies --
Democracy, Authoritarianism, and Violence --
Repression, Regimes, and Social Conflict --
War and Political Regimes --
Conclusion --
10. The Roots of Regime Change and Democratization --
Culture and Authoritarianism --
Cultural Explanations of Political Change and Stability --
The Legitimacy Theory of Political Change --
The Civic Capital Theory of Political Change --
Modernization, Cultural Change, and Democracy --
Economic Conflict and Regime Change --
Regimes as Commitment Devices --
Factors that Sharpen Redistributive Conflict --
Empirical Evidence for Conflict Theories --
Regime Change and Beliefs about Fairness --
Conclusion --
11. How do Regimes Change? Contentious Politics and Its Diffusion --
Political Opportunity --
Weakened State Capacity and Political Opportunity --
Economic Crises and Elite Divisions --
International Influences and Perceptions of Opportunity --
Periodic Opportunities --
False Opportunities --
The Rebel's Dilemma --
Covert Resistance and Safe Spaces --
Emotional Work --
Selective Incentives --
The Power of Numbers --
Moral Awakenings --
Informational Updating --
Reference Group Updating --
Informal Assembly Mechanisms --
The New Social Media --
Repertoires of Contention --
Violence vs. Non-Violence --
Non-Violence and the Power of Numbers --
The Outcomes of Violent and Non-Violent Campaigns --
Conclusion --
12. Conclusion: The Uncertainty of Democratization.

From the 19th century onwards, there has been a slow transformation in the nature of the norms that regulate political competition and the uses of state power. Monarchies whose legitimating principles appealed to divine sanction have slowly but surely given way to republican regimes normatively grounded in appeals to 'the people.' Ideals of liberty, equality, and solidarity, have gained ground relative to ideals of hierarchy and dependence. Yet while in some ways the world is more democratic now than it has ever been, new forms of non-democracy and new justifications for it have emerged. Drawing on a wide variety of examples and data from around the world, this important new text provides a global account of the history and theory of non-democratic government and explains why today alongside personalistic dictatorships and totalitarian regimes, the vast majority of non-democratic regimes are 'hybrid' regimes, which combine electoral competition with various restrictions on the ability of parties and other social groups to effectively compete for control of the state. The book then moves on to assess the processes through which political regimes change: what accounts for some genuinely democratizing, while others just expand the political competition without producing democracy or else replace one ruler or variety of authoritarianism with another.--